‘We Weren’t Expecting to Stay,’ is Everyday Muslim's first archive collection. The collection consists of; video and audio recordings of...
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Records posted by: EMHAI
Exploring the Diversity of Black British Muslim Heritage in LondonThis archive is a unique borne digital archive consisting of important...
Brookwood Cemetery is a Grade I listed Historic Park & Garden. It was also known as the London Necropolis or...
This dissertation was submitted as part of the Tripos Examination in the Faculty of History, Cambridge University, April 2016.
Explores how a new generation are redefining what it means to be a Muslim in Britain todayA new generation of...
What did Britain look like to the Muslims who visited and lived in the country in increasing numbers from the...
On the 31st of December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a royal charter to more than two hundred City of...
Ayub Ali was born 1st January in 1880, (precise date of birth unknown) in Sylhet, Bangladesh, then a part of...
Sir Henry Havelock was a British general renowned for his involvement in India, particularly his successful recapture of Cawnpore from...
The bronze Mountbatten statue stands on Mountbatten Green, off Horse Guards Road in Whitehall, London. Depicted in his Admiral uniform...
Caxton Hall is a location in which many momentous events occurred, including the assassination of Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the campaign...
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born 2nd of October 1869, more commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in Porbandar, Kanthiawar, India....
The British Library is home to the India Office Records collection, an extensive collection of archives relating to the administration...
The history of Bangladesh's independence can be traced to the 1947 Partition of British India, and to the history of...
Millions of souls Nineteen seventy onehomeless on Jessore Road under the Gray sunA million dead, the millions who canWalk toward...
The India Round Table Conferences were a series of 3 talks between 1930-1932. The purpose of these talks was to...
Allama Iqbal is widely considered one of the ideological founding figures of Pakistan and also holds the status of national...
The National Liberal Club (NLC) was established by William Gladstone in 1882, to provide club facilities for Liberal Party campaigners. ...
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), also revered as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader), was a barrister and politician who played a pivotal role...
Originally constructed in 1868 as a set of government offices, including the India Office and later the Colonial and Home...
The Empire and Partition heritage trail is based on a collection of essays written by academics and historians to tell...
The Empire and Partition Collection and Trail were created for Everyday Muslim's Remembering Partition project to raise awareness of the...
The Bangladesh Islamic Centre was founded in the 1980s by the first generation of Bangladeshis to settle in Oxford. Today,...
Founded in 1968, the Bath Street mosque was the first formal site of worship for Oxford's Muslim community, and largely...
EMBS was founded in 1988 as a self-help business service for racialised minority groups in Oxford. One of its founders...
This was an Ahmadiyya Mosque established in the 1980s. It was located on Cowley Road, but the precise location is...
Central Oxford Mosque remains one of the largest places of workship for Muslims in the city. The mosque was founded...
The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies was founded in 1985 as a centre for the advanced study of Islam and...
A mosque and welfare house opened in 1984 to primarily serve the Deobandi sect of Muslims living in Oxford. The...
In trying to identify some of the earliest Muslim students to matriculate at the University after the enactment of the...
Founded in 1921, City of Oxford Motor Services Limited was an important site of employment in the 1950s and 1960s...
Jamal's Tandoori Restaurant has been a significant place of networking for Muslims across the city. During the 1950s and 1960s,...
Al Shami restaurant was the site of Oxford's first halal butchers, and was established in the 1960s. Prior to its...
Founded in 1678, the Ashmolean Museum features an Islamic and Middle East Gallery which exhibits a selection of artifacts made...
Brothers Wasif Ali and Naseer Ali Mirza became the first racialised minority and Indian students to be enrolled at Trinity...
Somerville College houses archival materials related to the Oxford Majlis, which was a student society modeled after the Cambridge Majlis...
An anti-racist organisation founded by University of Oxford students in 1956. Its purpose was "To arouse among members of the...
On 3 December 1964, Malcolm X addressed the Oxford Union when he partook in the 'Queen and Country' debate. He...
Lubna Arshad became the first Muslim Lord Mayor of Oxford, May 2023.
Next to the Pitt Rivers Museum is the sire of current Oxford Islamic Society meeting space. There is a rich...
The Oxford Martin School was the sity of of the Oxford Indian Institute, which provided training to Indian civil servants....
Site of the first mixed congregational prayer led by a woman (Prof Amina Wadud) in the UK, 18th October 2008....
The association, which was founded in the 1960s by Sher Afzal Khan, was one of the first of its kind...
The Didicot Ordinance Depot at the Vauxhall Barracks, established during the First World War, was a major site of Pakistani...
A major site of employment which attracted Pakistani Muslims from Sheffield and Bradford. According to the newsreel source linked to...
The UK’s first halal farm, located in Cherwell. In 2002, Lutfi Radwan, a lecturer at the University of Oxford, and...
25 December 1876 - 11 September 1948
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), also revered as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader), was a barrister and politician who played a pivotal role in the founding of Pakistan. Born into a merchant family of modest means, Jinnah's Sindhi upbringing paved his desire towards a bright career. He possessed a striking and angular face and with his notorious karakul (hat), exuded an air of authority. His sister Fatima Jinnah remarks “even in the playground, my brother had a sense of superiority.” His stance on independence is one of the most contested ideas of Partition.
Muhammad Jinnah arrived in the UK in 1893, embarking on his study of Law and Politics at Lincoln’s inn. At just 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. He resided in various lodgings including 35 Russell Road, Kensington, the home of Mrs. F. E. Page-Drake and her daughter. The residency now displays a blue plaque in his honour. In 1930, he moved to Hampstead, to West Heath House. It was here he entertained Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951), another of Pakistan’s first Prime Minister and one of its founding fathers.
From 1913, Jinnah assumed leadership of the All-India Muslim League until the establishment of an independent, Muslim-majority, Pakistan on August 14th, 1947. There is ongoing debate regarding Jinnah’s stance, with discussion revolving whether he championed the formation of a democratic modern Muslim state or fought for the rights of Muslims across an undivided India. Partition itself reflected as an inescapable consequence of differences between Muslims and Hindus instigated by the British. There were also many external factors including the Second World War, the British Raj, rising communal tensions in the 1930s, and politics at a national and provincial level, which in turn, can be traced back to British occupation and divide and conquer rule.
Known for his rapier wit and intellect, the National Congress of India took Jinnah in where he advanced in his political journey. Jinnah soon found himself in a prominent position within the chambers of John MacPherson and in 1909 was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1913, Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League to advocate religious unity and led the controversial joint electorate, the Jinnah League. three years later, becoming its President. This was unusual for someone to simultaneously play a role in both factions, however in 1916, Jinnah established the Lucknow Pact, which can be recognised as a significant milestone in attempts to promote Muslim-Hindu unity. This suggests that Jinnah did not specifically argue for an independent Muslim-majority state, but ‘use the power of areas where the Muslims were a majority, to create a shield of protection for where they were in a minority.’ Jinnah was determined in consolidating a united front in India that respected the rights of Muslim and religious practise within India.
Gandhi’s rise as a key political figure in the 1920s marginalised Jinnah within Indian politics. By the 1940s, their mutual dislike became poisonous, and Jinnah became the prominent figure leading the Muslim League. This led to his advocation for a separate Muslim homeland in India, a stance he previously opposed, considering partition as merely a negotiating tool. By the late 1940s, the concept of partition was still only a potential possibility, however the second world war had exhausted the British of supplies, goods and sufficient finances. To extricate from further economic burden, India’s last viceroy Lord Mountbatten proposed the Indian independence Act on 3rd June 1947 and the publication of Radcliffe’s line that geographically mapped out the partition of India, accompanied unexplainable violence and genocide, which is one of the deadliest, forced mass-migrations in history.
On 14th August 1947, Pakistan was declared an independent state where Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor-General.
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Sources and Attribution
Author: Saarah Ahmed
https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153717
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/29/the-great-divide-books-dalrymple
https://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/messages_page3.html
https://www.dawn.com/news/1704480
https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153717
http://www.jinnahofpakistan.com/2010/04/journey-to-london.html
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